Any document that requires research requires citations. Knowing the basics of the most common reference styles will help you recognize and apply the right format. See the examples below as a starting point.
Journal Article
American Psychological Association (APA):
Ohri-Vachaspati, P., & Leviton, L. C. (2010). Measuring food environments: A guide to available instruments. American Journal of Health Promotion, 24(6), 410–426. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.080909-LIT-190
American Medical Association (AMA):
Ohri-Vachaspati P, Leviton LC. Measuring food environments: a guide to available instruments. Am J Health Promot. 2010;24(6):410-426. doi:10.4278/ajhp.080909-LIT-190
Modern Language Association (MLA):
Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam, and Laura C. Leviton. “Measuring Food Environments: A Guide to Available Instruments.” American Journal of Health Promotion, vol. 24, no. 6, Aug. 2010, pp. 410-26. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.080909-LIT-190.
Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) Author-Date:
Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam, and Laura C. Leviton. 2010. “Measuring Food Environments: A Guide to Available Instruments.” American Journal of Health Promotion 24, no. 6 (August): 410–26. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.080909-LIT-190.
CMOS Notes and Bibliography:
Ohri-Vachaspati, Punam, and Laura C. Leviton. “Measuring Food Environments: A Guide to Available Instruments.” American Journal of Health Promotion 24, no. 6 (August 2010): 410–26. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.080909-LIT-190.
Book
APA:
Matsumoto, D., Juang, L., & Hwang, H. C. (2022). Culture and psychology (7th ed.). Cengage Learning.
AMA:
Matsumoto D, Juang L, Hwang HC. Culture and Psychology. 7th ed. Cengage Learning; 2022.
MLA:
Matsumoto, David, Linda Juang, and Hyisung C. Hwang. Culture and Psychology. 7th ed., Cengage Learning, 2022.
CMOS Author-Date:
Matsumoto, David, Linda Juang, and Hyisung C. Hwang. 2022. Culture and Psychology. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
CMOS Notes and Bibliography:
Matsumoto, David, Linda Juang, and Hyisung C. Hwang. Culture and Psychology. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2022.
Report With Author
APA:
Carpenter, C. S., McClellan, C. B., & Rees, D. I. (2016). Economic conditions, illicit drug use, and substance use disorders in the United States (Working paper 22051). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22051/w22051.pdf
AMA:
Carpenter CS, McClellan CB, Rees DI. Economic Conditions, Illicit Drug Use, and Substance Use Disorders in the United States. Working paper 22051. National Bureau of Economic Research. Published February 2016. Accessed June 15, 2023. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22051/w22051.pdf
MLA:
Carpenter, Christopher S., et al. Economic Conditions, Illicit Drug Use, and Substance Use Disorders in the United States. National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2016, https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22051/w22051.pdf. Working paper.
CMOS Author-Date:
Carpenter, Christopher S., Chandler B. McClellan, and Daniel I. Rees. 2016. “Economic Conditions, Illicit Drug Use, and Substance Use Disorders in the United States.” Working paper 22051, National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22051/w22051.pdf.
CMOS Notes and Bibliography:
Carpenter, Christopher S., Chandler B. McClellan, and Daniel I. Rees. “Economic Conditions, Illicit Drug Use, and Substance Use Disorders in the United States.” Working paper 22051, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22051/w22051.pdf.
Report Without Author
APA:
World Health Organization. (2022). Vaccines and immunization for monkeypox: Interim guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361894/WHO-MPX-Immunization-2022.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
AMA:
World Health Organization. Vaccines and Immunization for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance. World Health Organization. August 24, 2022. Accessed June 15, 2023. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361894/WHO-MPX-Immunization-2022.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
MLA:
Vaccines and Immunization for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance. World Health Organization, 2022, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361894/WHO-MPX-Immunization-2022.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
CMOS Author-Date:
World Health Organization. 2022. Vaccines and Immunization for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361894/WHO-MPX-Immunization-2022.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
CMOS Notes and Bibliography:
World Health Organization. Vaccines and Immunization for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance. 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361894/WHO-MPX-Immunization-2022.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
Website
APA:
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2023, May 16). CMS Strategic Plan. Retrieved June 6, 2023, from https://www.cms.gov/cms-strategic-plan
(If the page you’re citing is likely to be updated over time, you should include a retrieval date.)
AMA:
CMS strategic plan. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Updated May 16, 2023. Accessed June 6, 2023. https://www.cms.gov/cms-strategic-plan
MLA:
“CMS Strategic Plan.” Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 16 May 2023, https://www.cms.gov/cms-strategic-plan. Accessed 6 June 2023.
CMOS Author-Date:
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. “CMS Strategic Plan.” Last modified May 16, 2023. https://www.cms.gov/cms-strategic-plan.
CMOS Notes and Bibliography:
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. “CMS Strategic Plan.” Last modified May 16, 2023. https://www.cms.gov/cms-strategic-plan.
